Useful articles, books and reports
What is leadership?
Avolio, B. J., Walumbwa, F. O., and Weber, T. J. (2009). ‘Leadership: Current theories, research, and future directions’,Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), pp. 421–449.
Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management (2020). Leadership and management standards for medical professionals, Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management, London.
General Medical Council. (2017). ‘Generic professional capabilities framework’, In General Medical Council publications.General Medical Council, London.
General Medical Council (2017). ‘Excellence by design: standards for postgraduate curricula’, General Medical Council, London.
General Medical Council. (2018). ‘Outcomes for graduates 2018’. General Medical Council, London.
General Medical Council. (2020). Leadership and management for all doctors, General Medical Council, London.
Kusurkar, R. A. (2024). ‘Inclusive leadership in the health professions and health professions education’, BMJ Leader, pp. 868.
Parry, K. W. and Bryman, A. (2013). Leadership in Organizations, In The SAGE Handbook of Organization Studies (2nd ed.). SAGE Publication.
NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. (2010). ‘Medical Leadership Competency Framework: Enhancing Engagement in Medical Leadership’, NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement, Coventry.
Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: theory and practice (6th ed.). SAGE
Pendleton, D., and Furnham, A. (2016). Leadership: all you need to know (2nd ed.), Palgrave Macmillan.
Radcliffe, S. (2012) Leadership Plain and Simple, Harlow: Pearson.
Swanwick, T. and McKimm, J. (2017). ABC of Clinical Leadership, Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey.
van Diggele, C., Burgess, A., Roberts, C., Mellis, C. (2020). ‘Leadership in healthcare education’, BMC medical education, 20, pp. 1-6.
Yukl, G. A. (2013). Leadership in organizations. (8th edition), Pearson, London.
Practical Leadership Skills
Aggarwal, R., and Swanwick, T. (2015). ‘Clinical leadership development in postgraduate medical education and training:Policy, strategy, and delivery in the UK national health service’, Journal of Healthcare Leadership, Vol. 7, pp. 109–12.
Allen, S. J. (2007). ‘Adult Learning Theory and Leadership Development’, Kravis Leadership Institute, Leadership Review(Vol. 7).
Baird, H., Malik, M., Patel, N., Yassaee, A. A., Tweedie, J., and Hynes, G. (2018). ‘Supporting junior doctors’ leadership:a trilogy of work’, BMJ Leader, 2(4), pp. 126–127.
Berghout, M. A., Fabbricotti, I. N., Buljac-Samardžić, M., and Hilders, C. G. J. M. (2017). ‘Medical leaders or masters?—A systematic review of medical leadership in hospital settings’, PLOS ONE, 12(9), pp. e0184522.
Beer M., Finnström, M., Schrader, D. (2016). ‘Why Leadership Training Fails—and What to Do About It’, Harvard Business Review, 94(10), pp. 50–57.
Beer, M., Finnstrom, M. and Schrader, D. (2016). ‘The Great Training Robbery: Working Paper’, Harvard Business School, pp. 16-121.
Blumenthal, D.M., Bernard, K., Bohnen, J. and Bohmer, R. (2012). ‘Addressing the leadership gap in medicine: residents' need for systematic leadership development training’, Academic Medicine, 87(4), pp. 513-522. DOI:10.1097/ACM.0b013e31824a0c47
Boak, G., Dickens, V., Newson, A., and Brown, L. (2007). ‘Distributed leadership, team working and service improvement in healthcare’, Leadership in Health Services, 28(4), pp. 332–344.
Bohmer, R. (2012). The instrumental value of medical leadership: Engaging doctors in improving services, The King’s Fund, London.
Burn, E., Waring, J. (2022). ‘The evaluation of health care leadership development programmes: a scoping review of reviews’, Leadership in Health Services, Ahead of print.
Caffarella, R. S., and Daffron, S. R. (2013). Planning programs for adult learners: A practical guide, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
Carroll, B., Nicholson, H. (2014). ‘Resistance and struggle in leadership development’, Human Relations, 67, pp. 1413-1436.
Center for Creative Leadership. (2022). ‘The 70-20-10 rule for leadership development’, Centre for creative leadership, Greensboro, NC.
Center for Creative Leadership. (2019). Benchmarking the state of leadership development: Today & tomorrow, Center for creative leadership, Greensboro, NC.
Center for Creative Leadership. (2021). ‘Leadership Development Research: What Works And What Doesn’t?’, Center for creative leadership, Greensboro, NC.
Cheng, E. W. L., and Hampson, I. (2008). ‘Transfer of training: A review and new insights’, International Journal ofManagement Reviews, 10, pp. 327–341.
Day, D. V. (2000). ‘Leadership development: A review in context’, The Leadership Quarterly, 11, pp. 581-613.
Day, D. V., Harrison, M. M., Halpin, S. M. (2009). An integrative approach to leader development: Connecting adult development, identity, and expertise, Psychology Press, New York
Day, D. V., Riggio, R. E., Tan, S. J., Conger, J. A. (2021). ‘Advancing the science of 21st- century leadership development: Theory, research, and practice’, The Leadership Quarterly, 32, pp.101557.
Day, D. V., Sin, H. P., Day, V. D., and Sin, H. P. (2011). ‘Longitudinal tests of an integrative model of leader development:Charting and understanding developmental trajectories’, Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), pp. 545–560.
DeRue, D. S., Wellman, N. (2009). ‘Developing leaders via experience: The role of developmental challenge, learning orientation, and feedback availability’, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, pp. 859–875.
DeRue, D., Myers, C. G. (2014). Leadership Development: A review and agenda for future research. In D. V. Day (ed), The Oxford handbook of leadership and organisations, pp. 832-855, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Fisher, E. S., Berwick, D. M., and Davis, K. (2009). ‘Achieving Health Care Reform — How Physicians Can Help’, New England Journal of Medicine, 360(24), pp. 2495–2497.
Fitzgerald, L., Ferlie, E., McGivern, G., and Buchanan, D. (2013). ‘Distributed leadership patterns and service improvement: Evidence and argument from English healthcare’, The Leadership Quarterly, 24(1), pp. 227–239.
Frich, J. C., Brewster, A. L., Cherlin, E. J., and Bradley, E. H. (2015). ‘Leadership Development Programs for Physicians: A Systematic Review’, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 30(5), pp. 656–674.
Ganz, M., Lee Cunningham, J., Ben Ezer, I., Segura, A. (2023). ‘Crafting public narrative to enable collective action: a pedagogy for leadership development’, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 22, pp. 169-190.
Geerts, J.M., Goodall, A.H. and Agius, S. (2020). ‘Evidence-based leadership development for physicians: a systematic literature review’, Social Science & Medicine, 246, pp.112709.
Goffee, R. and Jones, G. (2007). ‘Leading Clever People’, Harvard Business Review, 85(3), pp. 72-79.
Goodall, A. H., and Stoller, J. K. (2017). ‘The future of clinical leadership: evidence for physician leadership and the educational pathway for new leaders’, BMJ Leader, 1(2), pp. 8–11.
Hammond, M., Clapp-Smith, R., Palanski, M. (2017). ‘Beyond (Just) the workplace: A theory of leadership development across multiple domains’, Academy of Management Review, 42, pp. 481-498.
Hannum, K., Martineau, J., and Reinelt, C. (Eds.). (2007). The handbook of leadership development evaluation. Center for creative leadership, Greensboro, NC.
Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Peters, K., Boyce, R. A., Mallett, C. J., Fransen, K. (2017). ‘A social identity approach to leadership development’, Journal of Personnel Psychology, 16, pp. 113-124.
Ireri, S., Walshe, K., Benson, L., and Mwanthi, M. A. (2011). ‘A qualitative and quantitative study of medical leadership and management: experiences, competencies, and development needs of doctor managers in the United Kingdom’, Journal of Management and Marketing in Healthcare, 4(1), pp. 16–29.
Klimoski, R., Amos, B. (2012). Practicing evidence-based education in leader development, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 11, pp. 685-702.
Knowles, M. S., Holton, E. F., and Swanson, R. A. (2005). The adult learner: the definitive classic in adult education and human resource development (6th ed), Elsevier, London
Kumar, B., Swee, M. L., and Suneja, M. (2020). Leadership training programs in graduate medical education: A systematic review, BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 175.
Leslie, L. K., Miotto, M. B., Liu, G. C., Ziemnik, S., Cabrera, A. G., Calma, S., Huang, C., and Slaw, K. (2005). ‘Training young pediatricians as leaders for the 21st century’, Paediatrics, 115(3), pp. 765–773.
Lyons, O., George, R., Galante, J., Mafi, A., Fordwoh, T., Frich, J., and Geerts, J. (2020). ‘Evidence-based medical leadership development: a systematic review’, BMJ Leader, 5, pp. 206–213.
Maza, Y., Shechter, E., Pur Eizenberg, N., Segev, E. G., and Flugelman, M. Y. (2016). ‘Physician empowermentprogramme; a unique workshop for physician-managers of community clinics’, BMC Medical Education, 16(1), pp. 269.
Mezirow, J. (1978). ‘Perspective transformation’, Adult Education, 28(2), pp. 100–110.
Mianda, S., Voce, A. S. (2017). ‘Conceptualizations of clinical leadership: a review of the literature’, Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 9, pp. 79–87.
Mukhalalati, B. A., and Taylor, A. (2019). ‘Adult Learning Theories in Context: A Quick Guide for Healthcare ProfessionalEducators’, Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 6, pp. 2382120519840332.
Narayandas, D., Moldoveanu, M. (2019). ‘The future of leadership development’, Harvard Business Review, 97, pp. 40–48.
Noordegraaf, M., E Schneider, M. M., J Van Rensen, E. L., and P E F Boselie, J. P. (2015). Cultural Complementarity:Reshaping professional and organizational logics in developing frontline medical leadership, Public ManagementReview, 18(8), pp. 1111-1137.
Pearce, C. L., Manz, C. C., and Sims, H. P. (2009). Where Do We Go From Here?. Is Shared Leadership the Key to Team Success?, Organizational Dynamics, 38(3), pp. 234–238.
Perry. J., Mobley, F., Brubaker, M. (2017). ‘Most doctors have little or no management training and that’s a problem’, Harvard Business Review, 15 December.
Petrie, N. (2014). ‘Future trends in leadership development [White Paper]’, Center for creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
Petrie, N. (2015). ‘The How-To of Vertical Leadership Development – 30 Experts, 3 Conditions, and 15 Approaches’, Center for creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
Petrie, N. (2014). ‘Vertical Leadership Development–Part 1 Developing Leaders for a Complex World’, Center for creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
Petriglieri, G., Wood, J. D., Petriglieri, J. L. (2011). ‘Up Close and Personal: Building Foundations for Leaders' Development Through the Personalization of Management Learning’, Academy of Management Learning & Education,10, pp. 430–450.
Podolny, J. M. (2011). ‘A conversation with James G. March on learning about leadership’, Academy of Management Learning & Education, 10, pp. 502-506.
Rabin, R. (2014). ‘Blended Learning for Leadership: The Centre for Creative Leadership Approach’, Center for creative Leadership, Greensboro, NC.
Reeve, J., and Jang, H. (2006). ‘What teachers say and do to support students’ autonomy during a learning activity’,Journal of Educational Psychology, 98(1), pp. 209–218.
Rooke, D. (2018). ‘Transformational leadership capabilities for medical leaders’, BMJ Leader, 2, pp. 3-6.
Rooke, D. and Torbert, W. (2005). ‘Seven transformations of leadership’, Harvard Business Review, 83(4), pp. 66-76.
Sadowski, B., Cantrell, S., Barelski, A., O’Malley, P. G., and Hartzell, J. D. (2018). ‘Leadership Training in GraduateMedical Education: A Systematic Review’, Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 10(2), pp. 134–148.
Sarto, F. and Veronesi, G. (2016). ‘Clinical leadership and hospital performance: assessing the evidence base’, BMC health services research, 16, pp. 85-97
Savage, M., Savage, C., Brommels, M., and Mazzocato, P. (2020). ‘Medical leadership: boon or barrier to organisational performance? A thematic synthesis of the literature’, BMJ Open, 10(7), pp. e035542.
Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner, Jossey-Bass, New Jersey
Snowden, D.J. and Boone, M.E. (2007). ‘A Leader's Framework for Decision Making’, Harvard Business Review, 85(11), pp. 68-76, 149.
Straus, S. E., Soobiah, C., and Levinson, W. (2013). ‘The impact of leadership training programs on physicians inacademic medical centers: A systematic review’, Academic Medicine, 88(5), pp. 710–723.
Sultan, N., Torti, J., Haddara, W., Inayat, A., Inayat, H., and Lingard, L. (2019). ‘Leadership Development in PostgraduateMedical Education: A Systematic Review of the Literature’, Academic Medicine, 94(3), pp. 440–449.
Swanwick T, and McKimm J. (2012). ‘Clinical leadership development: requires system-wide interventions, not just courses’, The Clinical Teacher, 9(2), pp. 89-93.
Swanwick, T. and McKimm, J. (2017) ABC of Clinical Leadership, Wiley-Blackwell, New Jersey
Tasi, M., Keswani, A., and Bozic, K. (2019). Does physician leadership affect hospital quality, operational efficiency, and financial performance?, Health Care Management Review, 44(3), pp. 256-262.
Taylor, D. C. M., and Hamdy, H. (2013). ‘Adult learning theories: Implications for learning and teaching in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 83’, Medical Teacher, 35(11), pp. e1561-e1572.
Vogel, B., Reichard, R. J., Batistič, S., Černe, M. (2021). ‘A bibliometric review of the leadership development field: How we got here, where we are, and where we are headed’, The Leadership Quarterly, 32, pp. 101381.
Vongswasdi, P., Leroy, H., Anisman-Razin, M., Claeys, J., Van Dierendonck, D. (2023). ‘Beyond Developing Leaders: Toward a Multi-Narrative Understanding of the Value of Leadership Development Programs’, Academy of Management Learning & Education.
Wallace, D. M., Torres, E. M., Zaccaro, S. J. (2021). ‘Just what do we think we are doing? Learning outcomes of leader and leadership development’, The Leadership Quarterly, 32, pp. 101494.
West, M., Armit, K., Loewenthal, L., Eckert, R., West, T., and Lee, A. (2015) ‘Leadership and Leadership Development in Health Care: The Evidence Base’, The Kings Fund, pp. 1–36.
Career Development
Ashford, S. J., DeRue, D. S. (2012). ‘Developing as a leader: The power of mindful engagement’, Organizational Dynamics, 41, pp. 146-154.
Dane, E. (2020). ‘Suddenly everything became clear: How people make sense of epiphanies surrounding their work and careers’, Academy of Management Discoveries, 6, pp. 39-60.
Dutton, J.E., Wrzesniewski, A. (2020) ‘What job crafting looks like’, Harvard Business Review, 12 March.
Edmonstone, J. (2009). ‘Evaluating clinical leadership: A case study’, Leadership in Health Services, 22(3), pp. 210–224.
Goffee, R. and Jones, G. (2006). Why should anyone be led by you?: What it takes to be an authentic leader, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Goodall, A.H. (2011). ‘Physician-leaders and hospital performance: is there an association?’, Social science & medicine, 73(4), pp. 535-539.
Gulati, K., Singh, A. R., Kumar, S., Verma, V., Gupta, S. K., and Sarkar, C. (2019). Impact of a leadership development programme for physicians in India, Leadership in Health Services, 33(1), pp. 73–84.
Husebø, S. E., and Akerjordet, K. (2016). ‘Quantitative systematic review of multi-professional teamwork and leadershiptraining to optimize patient outcomes in acute hospital settings’, Journal of Advanced Nursing, 72(12), pp. 2980–3000.
Jarosz, J. (2023). ‘The cube of coaching effectiveness’, International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 21(1), pp. 31-49.
Petriglieri, G. Petriglieri, J.L., Wood, J.D. (2018). Fast tracks and inner journeys: Crafting portable selves for contemporary careers, Administrative Science Quarterly, 63, pp. 479-525.
Rosenman, E. D., Shandro, J. R., Ilgen, J. S., Harper, A. L., and Fernandez, R. (2014). ‘Leadership training in healthcare action teams: A systematic review’, Academic Medicine, 89(9), pp. 1295–1306.
Schön, D. A. (1987). Educating the reflective practitioner. Jossey-Bass, New Jersey.
Spehar, I., Frich, J. C., and Kjekshus, L. E. (2012). ‘Clinicians’ experiences of becoming a clinical manager: a qualitative study’, BMC Health Services Research, 12(1), pp. 421.
Spurgeon, P., Clark, J., and Ham, C. (2011). Medical Leadership: From the Dark Side to Centre Stage. Radcliffe Publication, Oxon.
Spurgeon, P., Long, P., Clark, J., and Daly, F. (2015). ‘Do we need medical leadership or medical engagement?’,Leadership in Health Services, 28(3), pp. 173–184.
Stoller, J.K. (2009). ‘Developing physician-leaders: a call to action’, Journal of general internal medicine, 24, pp. 876-878.
Assessing Leadership
Berger, A. S., Niedra E., Brooks, S. G., Ahmed, W. S., Ginsburg, S. (2020). ‘Teaching professionalism in postgraduate medical education: a systematic review’, Academic Medicine, 95(6), pp. 938-946.
Burgess, A., van Diggele, C., Mellis, C. (2020). 'Feedback in the clinical setting', BMC Medical Education, 20(S2).
Forsythe, A. and Johnson, S. (2016). 'Thanks, but no-thanks for the feedback', Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 42(6), pp. 850–859.
General Medical Council (2017). ‘Designing and maintaining postgraduate assessment programmes’, General Medical Council, London.
Hodges, B., Ginsburg, S., Cruess, R., Cruess, S., Delport, R., Hafferty, F., Ho, M.-J., Holmboe, E., Holtman, M., Ohbu,S., Rees, C., Ten Cate, O., Tsugawa, Y., Van Mook, W., Wass, V., Wilkinson, T., and Wade, W. (2011). ‘Assessment of professionalism: Recommendations from the Ottawa 2010 Conference’, Medical Teacher, 33(5), pp. 354–363.
Hodges, B., Paul, R., Ginsburg, S., and the Ottawa Consensus Group Members, the O. C. G. (2019). ‘Assessment of professionalism: From where have we come – to where are we going? An update from the Ottawa Consensus Group on the assessment of professionalism’, Medical Teacher, 41(3), pp. 249–255.
Jahan, F., Ahmad, N. and Burney, I.A. (2023). 'Teaching, learning and assessment of professionalism in medical education: A citation-based systematic review of literature’, International Journal of Life Science Research Archive, 4(1), pp. 006–016.
Leung, C., Lucas, A., Brindley, P., Anderson, S., Park, J., Vergis, A., and Gillman, L. M. (2018). ‘Followership: A review of the literature in healthcare and beyond’, Journal of Critical Care, 46, pp. 99–104.
Molloy, E., Ajjawi, R., Bearman, M., Noble, C., Rudland, J., Ryan, A. (2020). ‘Challenging feedback myths: values, learner involvement and promoting effects beyond the immediate task’, Medical education, 54(1), pp. 33-39.
Rosenman, E. D., Ilgen, J. S., Shandro, J. R., Harper, A. L., and Fernandez, R. (2015). ‘A Systematic Review of ToolsUsed to Assess Team Leadership in Health Care Action Teams’, Academic Medicine, 90(10), pp. 1408–1422.
Ryan, A., Hickey, A., Harkin, D., Boland, F., Collins, M. E., & Doyle, F. (2023). ‘Professional Identity Formation, Professionalism, Leadership and Resilience (PILLAR) in Medical Students: Methodology and Early Results’, Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development, 10.
Stone, D., Heen, S. (2015). Thanks for the feedback: The science and art of receiving feedback well, Penguin, London.
Tavares, W., Eppich, W., Cheng, A., Miller, S., Teunissen, P.W., Watling, C. J., Sargeant, J. (2020). ‘Learning conversations: an analysis of the theoretical roots and their manifestations of feedback and debriefing in medical education’, Academic Medicine, 95(7), pp. 1020 - 1025.
Tay, K.T., Ng, S., Hee, J. M., Chia, E. W., Vythilingam, D., Ong, Y. T., Chiam, M., Chin, A. M., Fong, W., Wijaya, L., Toh, Y. P. (2020). ‘Assessing professionalism in medicine–a scoping review of assessment tools from 1990 to 2018’, Journal of medical education and curricular development, 7, pp. 2382120520955159.
Ten Cate, O. (2013). ‘Nuts and bolts of entrustable professional activities’, Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 5(1), pp. 157-158.
Ten Cate, O., Hart, D., Ankel, F., Busari, J., Englander, R., Glasgow, N., Holmboe, E., Iobst, W., Lovell, E., Snell, L. S., Touchie, C., Van Melle, E., Wycliffe-Jones, K., and International Competency-Based Medical Education Collaborators. (2016). ‘Entrustment Decision Making in Clinical Training’, Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 91(2), pp. 191–198.